Moving from Japan to the USA: Visas, Taxes & Healthcare Guide

The United States has the largest Japanese community abroad.¹ The main long-stay routes are treaty investor or intra-company transfer, H-1B employment, and study or research, and the status you hold shapes your spouse’s work rights, tax position and health cover. This guide summarises the routes and then covers what every mover deals with: US tax residency, the Japan-US tax treaty and Social Security Agreement, health insurance and first-month setup.

The US at a Glance for Movers from Japan

MOFA counted 416,380 Japanese nationals in the US at 1 October 2025, 32.1% of all Japanese abroad (as of October 2026).¹ Of these, 233,475 (56.1%) were Eijusha (永住者), Japanese nationals with permanent residence.¹

Immigration and federal income tax are federal; much of daily life is state law. The Japan-US Income Tax Convention covers only federal income taxes on the US side (Article 2(1)(b)), and states need not follow it: California, for example, tells filers to add back treaty-excluded income unless specifically exempt for state purposes.²³ States also set their own rules on driver’s licences, deposits and insurance, so state examples here are labelled as such.

Japan has an Embassy in Washington, DC, 14 consulates-general and consular offices in Anchorage, Portland and Saipan (MOFA list dated 24 February 2023, as of October 2026).⁴ Japanese nationals staying abroad for 3 months or more must file an Overseas Residential Registration (Zairyu Todoke 在留届) with the mission for their area (Passport Act Article 16), covered in the site’s guide to Japanese embassy help and Tabi-Reg.⁵⁶

Visa Routes from Japan: E-2, L-1, H-1B, O-1 and Others

Comparison Table

The main long-stay routes compare as follows (as of October 2026).⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸

Route	Who it suits	Employer or investment	Initial stay and maximum	Spouse work	Immigrant intent
E-1 / E-2	Treaty traders and investors, and their key employees	Enterprise at least 50% owned by treaty nationals; E-2 investment must be substantial and proportional, with no fixed minimum	Up to 2 years; 2-year extensions with no limit on number	E-2S spouse authorized incident to status	Not a dual-intent class under INA 214(h); see USCIS
L-1A / L-1B	Chuzai assignees within a corporate group	Qualifying related company; 1 continuous year abroad in the last 3	Up to 3 years (new office 1 year); total 7 years (L-1A) or 5 years (L-1B)	L-2S spouse authorized incident to status	Dual intent (INA 214(h))
H-1B	Local hires in specialty occupations	US employer petition; cap and weighted selection unless cap-exempt	Up to 3 years; total 6 years	H-4 only with an EAD (approved I-140 or AC21 extension)	Dual intent (INA 214(h))
O-1	People with extraordinary ability or achievement	US employer or US agent petition	Up to 3 years; 1-year extensions	O-3 may not work	Labor certification or preference petition is not a ground to deny
F-1 (+ OPT)	Degree students	SEVP-certified school	Duration of status	F-2 may not work	See USCIS
J-1	Researchers, scholars, exchange students	Exchange visitor program sponsor	Program dates	J-2 only with USCIS authorization	212(e) may bar H, L or immigrant status
EB-5 / Gold Card	Investors seeking permanent residence	USD 1,050,000 (USD 800,000 TEA); Gold Card USD 1 million gift plus USD 15,000 fee	Permanent residence (EB-5 conditional for 2 years)	Unrestricted	Immigrant

E-2 Treaty Investor (and E-1 Treaty Trader)

E-1 is the Treaty Trader visa and E-2 the Treaty Investor visa; Japan has held treaty status for both since 30 October 1953.⁷¹⁹ There is no set dollar minimum for E-2: the investment is judged by proportionality, and the enterprise must be more than marginal or able to become so within five years.⁷⁸ Employees qualify only if they share the employer’s nationality and hold an executive or supervisory role or essential special qualifications.⁸

Japanese nationals receive multiple-entry E visas valid for 60 months with no reciprocity fee, and the visa application fee is USD 315 (as of October 2026).²⁰²¹ US company set-up is covered in the site’s guide to incorporating a company abroad.

L-1A and L-1B Intra-Company Transferees

An L-1 transferee needs one continuous year of qualifying employment with a related company abroad within the three years before admission.⁹ A new office must have secured premises and be able to support an executive or managerial role within one year.⁹ Assignment economics and spouse rights are covered in the site’s guide to expat assignment (Chuzai) versus local hire (Genchi Saiyo).

H-1B Specialty Occupations: Weighted Selection and the USD 100,000 Proclamation

H-1B selection is no longer a pure lottery. Since 27 February 2026 registrations are weighted by wage level (four entries at level IV down to one at level I), within a cap of 65,000 plus 20,000 for US master’s graduates; universities and nonprofit or government research organizations are cap-exempt (as of October 2026).¹¹²²

Proclamation 10973, extended to 21 September 2027, ties certain H-1B petitions to a USD 100,000 payment, but a federal court vacated USCIS’s implementing guidance on 8 June 2026; DHS says it will comply while it considers next steps and still plans to collect the payment if the order is lifted, so check the current USCIS H-1B page (as of October 2026).²³²⁴²⁵¹¹ A USD 103,265 cap-petition fee and removal of the 60-day grace period are proposals only, and Executive Order 14431 (18 September 2026) tells agencies to weigh employer layoffs (as of October 2026).²⁶²⁷²⁸ Registration and sponsors are covered in the site’s guides to finding an overseas job from Japan and to skilled migration visas.

O-1 Extraordinary Ability

O-1A covers extraordinary ability in sciences, education, business or athletics, and O-1B covers the arts and film or television, shown by a major international award or at least three regulatory criteria.¹³¹⁰ A US employer or US agent files the petition.¹³

Students and Researchers: F-1 and J-1

F-1 students are still admitted for “duration of status”, because a federal court postponed the fixed-period rule nationwide and the government’s appeal is pending; check USCIS and SEVP before relying on this (as of October 2026).¹⁵²⁹ OPT gives 12 months plus a 24-month STEM extension, and visa interviews have been required for nearly all nonimmigrant applicants since 1 October 2025 (as of October 2026).¹⁰³⁰

J-1 students use Academic Training, not OPT.³¹ A J-1 funded by the US or Japanese government may fall under INA 212(e), which bars H, L and immigrant status until two years’ home-country presence or a waiver.¹⁶ Admissions are covered in the site’s guide to studying abroad from Japan, and OPT and Academic Training in its guide to working abroad after graduation.

Green Cards in One Paragraph

EB-5 and the Gold Card are summarised in the table and covered in the site’s guide to golden visas and residency by investment.¹⁷³²¹⁸ Natives of Japan were eligible for DV-2026; a court order now under appeal temporarily vacated the December 2025 pause on Diversity Visa issuance for DV-2026 selectees, and a separate court order requires DV-2027 registration to open by 1 November 2026, so check the State Department’s Diversity Visa pages (as of October 2026).³³³⁴³⁵³⁶

Families and Dependants

Spouse work rights follow the principal’s status (see the table); E, L and J-2 derivative children must be unmarried and under 21.⁸⁹¹⁰

US Tax Residency: The Substantial Presence Test and Worldwide Income

Green Card Test and Substantial Presence Test

You are a US resident alien for tax if you meet either test for the calendar year. The green card test applies if you are a lawful permanent resident at any time in the year; the substantial presence test (SPT) needs at least 31 days this year and at least 183 days counting all of this year’s days, one-third of last year’s and one-sixth of the year before.³⁷³⁸ Days as an exempt individual (F, J, M or Q students, J or Q teachers and trainees, certain foreign-government-related individuals) are not counted, but Form 8843 must be filed to exclude them.³⁸

flowchart TD
    A["Green card holder at any time this year?"] -- "Yes" --> R1["US resident (green card test)"]
    A -- "No" --> B["Present 31 days or more this year?"]
    B -- "No" --> N["Nonresident alien"]
    B -- "Yes" --> C["Days this year + 1/3 last year + 1/6 year before at least 183? (exclude exempt-individual days)"]
    C -- "No" --> N
    C -- "Yes" --> D["Closer connection exception applies? (under 183 days this year, Form 8840)"]
    D -- "Yes" --> N
    D -- "No" --> R2["US resident (substantial presence test)"]
    R2 -.-> T["Treaty tie-breaker may also apply (Article 4)"]

Your First Year: Dual-Status and Residency Start Date

A mover who meets the SPT is generally resident from the first day present in the US that year and nonresident before it, making the arrival year a dual-status year.³⁹ Up to 10 days of presence can be disregarded for the starting date if you show a closer connection to a foreign country, and a first-year choice exists for people who meet the SPT only the following year.³⁹

A married couple can choose to treat a nonresident spouse as resident and file jointly under IRC 6013(g) when one spouse is a US citizen or resident at year-end.³⁹

Worldwide Income, Filing and State Tax

Resident aliens are generally taxed on their worldwide income, the same as US citizens, while nonresident aliens are taxed only on US-source income and income connected with a US business.³⁹ Residents file Form 1040 and nonresidents Form 1040-NR, normally by 15 April for wage earners (15 June for nonresidents without withheld wages), and foreign tax credits are generally claimed on Form 1116.³⁹

Reporting Japanese Accounts and Funds: FBAR, Form 8938 and PFIC

An FBAR (FinCEN Form 114) is required when your foreign accounts together exceed USD 10,000 at any time in the year, due 15 April with an automatic extension to 15 October (as of October 2026).⁴⁰ Form 8938 applies to US residents above USD 50,000 at year-end or USD 75,000 at any time (unmarried), or USD 100,000 and USD 150,000 for joint filers, with penalties from USD 10,000 (as of October 2026).⁴¹

Japanese investment trusts (Toshi Shintaku 投資信託) and funds held in NISA may be passive foreign investment companies (PFICs) under the IRS 75% income or 50% asset test, but no IRS guidance names them, so get US tax advice before you become resident.⁴² Gifts or bequests over USD 100,000 from a nonresident are reported on Form 3520 (as of October 2026).⁴³

Some Japanese brokers apply their own US-residence rules (SBI Securities and Rakuten Securities publish 183-day policies); see the site’s guide to keeping Japanese bank and brokerage accounts.⁴⁴

Leaving Japan Correctly: Japanese-Side Taxes (Pointers)

Japanese-side departure rules still apply: the Departure Tax (Kokugai Tenshutsuji Kazei 国外転出時課税) for covered assets of ¥100 million or more after more than 5 of the last 10 years in Japan, resident tax (Juminzei 住民税) fixed by your 1 January address, and a tax agent (Nohzei Kanrinin 納税管理人) for remaining filings.⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷ Each has its own guide on this site.

US Estate Tax and Long-Term Green Card Holders

Estates of nonresident non-citizens must file Form 706-NA if US-situated assets exceed USD 60,000 (as of October 2026), and Japan is a US estate and gift tax treaty partner.⁴⁸⁴⁹ Long-term green card holders (8 of the last 15 years) who give up permanent residence may face expatriation tax, covered in the site’s guides to Japan inheritance tax abroad and to golden visas.⁵⁰²

The Japan-US Tax Treaty: Salaries, Pensions and Investment Income

Residence Tie-Breaker and the US Citizen / Green Card Rule

The Japan-US Income Tax Convention (2003, amended by the 2013 Protocol in force since 30 August 2019) resolves dual residence with a ladder: permanent home, vital interests, habitual abode, nationality, then mutual agreement (Article 4(3)).⁵¹² A US citizen or green card holder counts as a US resident for treaty purposes only if, among other conditions, not a Japanese resident and with substantial presence, a permanent home or habitual abode in the US (Article 4(2)).²

The saving clause in Article 1(4) lets the US tax its residents and citizens as if the treaty did not exist, apart from listed exceptions.²

Salaries, Short Business Trips and Directors’ Fees

A Japanese resident’s salary for work in the US stays taxable only in Japan if they spend 183 days or less there in any 12-month period, are paid by a non-US employer and the cost is not borne by a US permanent establishment (Article 14).² Directors’ fees from a Japanese company may still be taxed in Japan (Article 15), relevant to assignees who keep a board seat.²

Japanese Pensions Paid to US Residents

Under Article 17(1), pensions “including social security payments” are taxable only in the recipient’s state of residence.² To stop Japanese withholding, US residents file NTA Form 9 (two copies), Form 17-US and an IRS residency certificate (Form 6166) through the Japan Pension Service, and can reclaim tax already withheld with Form 11 within 5 years.⁵²⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵ Details are in the site’s guide to receiving your Japanese pension overseas.

Dividends, Interest, Capital Gains and Students

Dividends are generally limited to 10% at source (5% for 10% corporate holdings), and interest is generally taxable only in the residence state (Articles 10 and 11).² Gains on real property, including US real property interests, may be taxed where the property is, while most other gains are taxable only in the seller’s residence state (Article 13).²

Article 19 exempts payments from abroad for a student’s or business apprentice’s maintenance and education (apprentices for one year only); Article 20 is deleted.² The US grants Article 19 only to people who are neither US citizens nor green card holders.²

Seconded Workers: The Certificate of Coverage

The agreement, in force since 1 October 2005, keeps a seconded employee in the Japanese system if the detachment is not expected to exceed five years.⁵⁶⁵⁷ JPS adds a 6-month rule (work or residence in Japan with Japanese coverage immediately before dispatch) and allows extensions of up to 3 years if unforeseeable, or up to 4 years to avoid serious hardship (as of October 2026).⁵⁸⁵⁹ The employer applies to JPS for the certificate of coverage (Tekiyo Shomeisho 適用証明書).⁶⁰⁶¹

It also covers health insurance: on the US side it applies to Social Security and Medicare (hospital insurance) taxes, and on the Japanese side to pension and health insurance schemes.⁵⁶⁶² A seconded worker with a certificate is exempt from both US taxes and stays in Japanese pension and health insurance.⁵⁸

A person working in the US for a US employer is covered by US Social Security and Medicare under the agreement’s general rule.⁵⁶ F-1 and J-1 nonresident students are exempt from these taxes on authorized employment while nonresident, generally for up to 5 calendar years.⁶³ Japanese citizens can consider voluntary National Pension, covered in the site’s guide to voluntary National Pension abroad.

Totalization: Adding Japanese and US Periods

For a US benefit, you need at least six US credits before Japanese periods are added, with three months of Japanese coverage counting as one US quarter.⁵⁶⁶⁴ The general US rule is 40 credits, earned at one per USD 1,890 of covered earnings in 2026 up to four a year (as of October 2026).⁶⁵ For Japanese disability or survivors’ benefits under the agreement, JPS also requires 1 year of US coverage in the 2 years before the first medical examination or death.⁵⁸

The agreement excludes the Medicare entitlement provisions of the Social Security Act, so totalized periods should not be expected to create premium-free Medicare Part A.⁵⁶⁶⁶ Foreign residents who take the Japanese lump-sum withdrawal lose those periods for totalization, as the site’s social security agreements guide explains.⁶⁷

US Healthcare for New Arrivals: Employer Plans, the Marketplace and Plan Vocabulary

No Universal Public Coverage: Where Insurance Comes From

New arrivals generally get cover from an employer plan, a Marketplace plan (HealthCare.gov or a state exchange) or a school plan.⁶⁸ HealthCare.gov’s Medicaid and CHIP list names green card holders, Cuban or Haitian entrants, COFA migrants and, in certain states, “lawfully residing” pregnant women and children, while Medicare Part A comes through Social Security entitlement or, for purchase, citizenship or permanent residence plus 5 years’ residence.⁶⁸⁶⁶⁶⁹

The federal penalty for having no insurance has been zero since 2019, but states may impose their own; California, for example, applies a state penalty through its income tax return.⁷⁰⁷¹ J-1 exchange visitors need cover of at least USD 100,000 per accident or illness, plus repatriation and evacuation benefits.⁷²

Leaving Japanese public health insurance on departure is covered in the site’s guide to cancelling National Health Insurance and Shakai Hoken. Seconded workers keep Japanese employer insurance and can claim overseas medical expense reimbursement (Kaigai Ryoyohi 海外療養費).⁷³

Plan Vocabulary

HealthCare.gov defines the key terms as follows.⁷⁴

Term	Meaning (HealthCare.gov)
Premium	The amount you pay for your health insurance every month
Deductible	What you pay for covered services before the plan starts to pay
Copayment	A fixed amount you pay for a covered service after the deductible
Coinsurance	A percentage of the cost of a covered service you pay after the deductible
Out-of-pocket maximum	The most you pay for covered services in a plan year (excludes premiums, non-covered and out-of-network costs)
HMO	Usually limits cover to its own or contracted doctors; generally no out-of-network cover except emergencies
PPO	Pay less in network; out-of-network care at additional cost
EPO	Services covered only in the plan’s network, except emergencies

The Marketplace out-of-pocket limit is USD 10,600 for an individual and USD 21,200 for a family in 2026, rising to USD 12,000 and USD 24,000 in 2027 (as of October 2026).⁷⁴

The Marketplace, Special Enrollment and the 2027 Premium Tax Credit Change

Lawfully present noncitizens, including holders of work and student visas, can buy Marketplace plans.⁶⁸⁷⁵ Moving to the US from abroad opens a special enrollment period of generally 60 days, and living abroad for at least one day in the previous 60 days satisfies the prior-coverage condition.⁷⁶⁷⁷ Open enrollment for 2027 coverage starts 1 November; check HealthCare.gov or your state exchange for the closing date (as of October 2026).⁷⁸⁷⁹

From plan years beginning 1 January 2027, temporary visa holders lose Marketplace savings. Public Law 119-21 (section 71301) amended IRC 36B so that, for tax years beginning after 31 December 2026, a lawfully present noncitizen can claim the premium tax credit only if they are, and are reasonably expected to remain for the whole enrollment period, a lawful permanent resident, a Cuban or Haitian entrant, or a person lawfully residing under a Compact of Free Association (as of October 2026).⁸⁰⁸¹ HealthCare.gov states that other immigration statuses “may be eligible for Marketplace coverage, but not savings”.⁶⁸⁷⁵

In practice, H-1B, L-1, E-2, O-1, F-1 and J-1 holders can still buy 2027 Marketplace plans, but without premium tax credits or other savings, while green card holders may still qualify based on income; employer plans are not affected by these provisions.⁸⁰⁶⁸ Separately, section 71302 ended, for tax years beginning after 31 December 2025, the rule letting lawfully present people below 100% of the poverty line claim the credit (as of October 2026).⁸⁰⁸¹

Emergencies and Medical Bills

Under EMTALA, Medicare-participating hospitals with emergency departments must screen and stabilize patients regardless of ability to pay.⁸² The No Surprises Act protects against unexpected out-of-network bills for emergency care, certain care at in-network facilities and air ambulances, and uninsured patients can usually get a good faith estimate and dispute bills at least USD 400 above it.⁸³

Financial Groundwork: SSN, ITIN, Bank Accounts and Building Credit

Generally only noncitizens authorized to work can get a Social Security Number (SSN), and you do not need one for a driver’s licence, school registration or private health insurance.⁸⁴ SSA suggests starting online and visiting an office within 45 days, or otherwise waiting 10 days after arrival, with your passport and immigration documents such as the I-94, I-20 or DS-2019 (as of October 2026).⁸⁴ E-2S and L-2S spouses are work-authorized and so can apply, but F-2 dependents cannot get SSNs.⁸⁹⁸⁵

ITIN for Spouses Without Work Authorization

An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN, Form W-7) is for people with a federal tax purpose who are not eligible for an SSN, such as a spouse filing jointly with a resident.⁸⁶

Opening a Bank Account

Banks must verify identity, but a non-US person can use a passport number and country of issuance, a taxpayer identification number or another government photo ID number instead of an SSN.⁸⁷ FDIC insurance covers USD 250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each ownership category (as of October 2026).⁸⁸ Remittances are covered in the site’s guide to sending money out of Japan.

Credit Reports and Building a Credit History

This guide found no official source on whether US lenders use Japanese credit history. The CFPB suggests a secured card, a credit builder loan from a bank or credit union, or a low-limit store card to start, and free reports from the three bureaus are available weekly at AnnualCreditReport.com (as of October 2026).⁸⁹⁹⁰

Housing and Schooling: Renting, Fair Housing and Public Schools

Renting: Applications, Screening and Deposits

The Fair Housing Act makes it unlawful to refuse to rent, or to discriminate in rental terms, because of national origin, among other grounds.⁹¹ If a tenant screening or credit report leads to a denial, the landlord must tell you and identify the reporting company, and you can get a free copy within 60 days and dispute errors.⁹²

Deposit limits are state law. In California, for example, the limit is generally one month’s rent for tenancies after 1 July 2024, with an itemized statement due within 21 days of move-out (as of October 2026).⁹³ Check your own state’s rules.

Public Schools and School Districts

F-1 children may not attend public elementary school and may attend public high school for up to 12 months only, with reimbursement, but F-2 children may attend public K-12 schools without extra permission.¹⁴⁹⁴ No official page addresses E-2, L-2, H-4 or O-3 children, so contact the local school district about enrolment documents.

Few Japanese schools are in North America: MEXT lists 4 of its 90 certified Japanese schools (Nihonjin Gakko 日本人学校) and 89 of 246 supplementary schools (Hoshuko 補習校) in North America (as of October 2026).⁹⁵⁹⁶ Both are covered in the site’s guides to schooling abroad and Hoshuko.

Other Practical Items (Pointers Only)

Driving: a Japanese international driving permit is valid for one year from issue, but residents must follow state licence rules; Virginia, for example, gives new residents 60 days and lists Japan for licence exchange (as of October 2026).⁹⁷⁹⁸⁹⁹ Check your state DMV and the site’s guide to driving abroad.
Household goods: household effects used abroad for at least one year can enter duty-free with CBP Form 3299, US-bound Japan Post mail needs electronic pre-registration from 15 October 2026, and duty-free mail claims need formal entry from 22 October 2026 (as of October 2026).¹⁰⁰¹⁰¹¹⁰²¹⁰³ See the site’s guide to international moving.
Pets: dogs from Japan must be at least 6 months old, microchipped and have a CDC Dog Import Form receipt; cats need no federal rabies proof (as of October 2026).¹⁰⁴¹⁰⁵¹⁰⁶¹⁰⁷
Electricity and medications: 120V, 60Hz, plug types A and B; carry medicines in original containers with an English prescription or doctor’s note.¹⁰⁸¹⁰⁹
I-94: air arrivals get an electronic I-94, retrievable on the CBP website and needed to show status.¹¹⁰

Step-by-Step Administrative Procedure & Timeline

Timings are typical, not statutory.

When	Actions
T-12 to T-6 months	Choose a route; H-1B registration in March for petitions from 1 April¹¹¹¹¹²; E-2 investment and business plan⁸; school admission and I-20 or DS-2019; J-1 212(e) check¹⁶
T-6 to T-3 months	USCIS petition approval where needed; DS-160 and interview at the US Embassy in Tokyo or a US consulate in Japan that offers visa services³⁰; H-1B, H-4, F, M and J applicants set social media profiles to public¹¹³; visa fee USD 185 (F, J), USD 205 (H, L, O) or USD 315 (E)²¹; SEVIS fee USD 350 (F) or USD 220 (J)¹¹⁴; certificate of coverage for seconded workers⁶⁰
T-1 month	Japan exit procedures, Departure Tax check, Juminzei and tax agent⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷; Japan Post pre-registration for mailed goods¹⁰²
First 60 days	Check I-94¹¹⁰; SSN⁸⁴; bank account⁸⁷; Marketplace special enrollment if not on an employer plan⁷⁶⁷⁷; lease; state driver’s licence⁹⁹; school enrolment; Zairyu Todoke⁵
First US tax year	SPT and dual-status return; FBAR, Form 8938 and PFIC review; Form 9, Form 17-US and Form 6166 if receiving a Japanese pension³⁸³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹⁴²⁵²

Japanese Citizens vs. Foreign Residents: Critical Distinctions

E visas follow nationality, not residence. A foreign resident of Japan qualifies only through their own country’s E treaty, with an enterprise at least 50% owned by nationals of that country, and visa fees and validity follow nationality.⁷²⁰ The US Embassy asks applicants to apply in their country of residence or nationality.¹⁹

Foreign residents should check nationality-based measures that do not affect Japanese citizens. A State Department pause on immigrant visas for nationals of 75 countries (Japan not listed) was set aside by a federal court and the ruling is on appeal, and Proclamation 10998 restricts entry for other listed nationalities; check current State Department pages for your nationality (as of October 2026).¹¹⁵¹¹⁶¹¹⁷ Diversity Visa eligibility follows country of birth.³³

Japanese citizens who naturalise as US citizens lose Japanese nationality (Nationality Act Article 11(1)); a green card does not change nationality.¹¹⁸ Foreign permanent residents leaving Japan should plan their re-entry permit, covered in the site’s guide to Japanese citizens versus foreign residents.¹¹⁹

Common Pitfalls & Regulatory Compliance Risks

Treating H-1B as a random lottery or the USD 100,000 payment as settled. Fix: check the current USCIS page.¹¹²²²⁵
Assuming the agreement covers local hires. Fix: only seconded workers with a certificate are exempt, within the 5-year expectation and 6-month rule.⁵⁸⁵⁶
Budgeting for Marketplace subsidies on a temporary visa. Fix: no premium tax credits for 2027 coverage.⁸⁰⁶⁸
Missing FBAR or Form 8938, or ignoring PFIC rules. Fix: review Japanese accounts and funds before arrival.⁴⁰⁴¹⁴²
Forgetting the pension treaty forms. Fix: file Form 9, Form 17-US and Form 6166 with JPS.⁵²⁵⁴
J-1 grantees planning an H-1B without checking 212(e). Fix: confirm whether the rule applies.¹⁶

References & Official Sources

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, Consular Affairs Bureau, “海外在留邦人数調査統計令和7年（2025年）10月1日現在”, PDF, https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100957047.pdf ; archived http://web.archive.org/web/20260421192127id_/https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/100957047.pdf ↩ ↩² ↩³
Ministry of Finance, Japan-United States Income Tax Convention (2003) as amended by the 2013 Protocol, consolidated English text, Articles 1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, https://www.mof.go.jp/tax_policy/summary/international/tax_convention/USA_ST_en.pdf ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶ ↩⁷ ↩⁸ ↩⁹ ↩¹⁰ ↩¹¹ ↩¹²
California Franchise Tax Board, 2025 Instructions for Schedule CA (540NR) (tax treaty adjustments), https://www.ftb.ca.gov/forms/2025/2025-540nr-ca-instructions.html ↩
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 「在アメリカ合衆国日本国大使館・総領事館」 (list dated 24 February 2023), https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/annai/zaigai/list/n_ame/usa.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 9 September 2026 (direct fetch blocked) ↩
e-Gov, 旅券法 (Passport Act, Act No. 267 of 1951), revision effective 17 July 2026, Article 16, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/2/law_data/326AC0000000267 ↩ ↩²
MOFA, オンライン在留届（ORRネット）在留届FAQ, accessed October 2026, https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/RRnet/faq.html ↩
US Department of State, 9 FAM 402.9 Treaty Traders, Investors, and Specialty Occupations (E visas), including treaty country table, accessed October 2026, https://fam.state.gov/fam/09FAM/09FAM040209.html ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
USCIS, “E-2 Treaty Investors”, last reviewed 20 August 2026, https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/e-2-treaty-investors ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
USCIS, “L-1A Intracompany Transferee Executive or Manager”, last reviewed 31 August 2026, https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/l-1a-intracompany-transferee-executive-or-manager ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵
eCFR, 8 CFR 214.2, paragraphs (e), (f) (in-force text), (h)(13), (h)(15), (j)(1)(v), (l)(4), (l)(12), (l)(15), (l)(16), (o)(3), (o)(6), (o)(12), (o)(13), point-in-time version as of 14 September 2026, https://www.ecfr.gov/on/2026-09-14/title-8/section-214.2 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
USCIS, “H-1B Specialty Occupations”, last reviewed 21 September 2026 (re-checked 18 October 2026), https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/h-1b-specialty-occupations ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
USCIS, “Employment Authorization for Certain H-4 Dependent Spouses”, last reviewed 2 August 2024, https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations/employment-authorization-for-certain-h-4-dependent-spouses ↩
USCIS, “O-1 Visa: Individuals with Extraordinary Ability or Achievement”, last reviewed 3 March 2023, https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/o-1-visa-individuals-with-extraordinary-ability-or-achievement ↩ ↩² ↩³
Immigration and Nationality Act section 214, 8 U.S.C. 1184, subsections (h) (intention to abandon foreign residence) and (m) (nonimmigrant elementary and secondary school students), via Cornell LII mirror, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1184 ↩ ↩²
US Department of Homeland Security, “Establishing a Fixed Time Period of Admission and an Extension of Stay Procedure for Nonimmigrant Academic Students, Exchange Visitors, and Representatives of Foreign Information Media”, Final rule, FR Doc. 2026-14439, 91 FR 44976, 17 July 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-14439 ↩ ↩²
Immigration and Nationality Act sections 212(e) and 248(a)(3), 8 U.S.C. 1182(e) and 1258(a)(3), via Cornell LII, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1182 and https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1258 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
USCIS, “About the EB-5 Visa Classification”, last reviewed 18 November 2025, https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/permanent-workers/employment-based-immigration-fifth-preference-eb-5/about-the-eb-5-visa-classification ↩ ↩²
USCIS, “I-140G, Immigrant Petition for the Gold Card Program”, last reviewed 9 October 2026, https://www.uscis.gov/i-140g ; Instructions, https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/forms/i-140ginstr.pdf ↩ ↩²
US Embassy and Consulates in Japan, “Visas” (country of residence or nationality notice; Treaty Trader and Treaty Investor visas “including Japan”), re-checked 18 October 2026, https://jp.usembassy.gov/visas/ and https://jp.usembassy.gov/visas/nonimmigrant-visas/ ↩ ↩²
US Department of State, “Japan Reciprocity Schedule” (Visa Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country), https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Japan.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 3 July 2026 (direct fetch blocked) ↩ ↩²
eCFR, 22 CFR 22.1, Schedule of Fees for Consular Services, item 21 (nonimmigrant visa application fees) and item 32, read 18 October 2026, https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-22.1 ↩ ↩²
US Department of Homeland Security, “Weighted Selection Process for Registrants and Petitioners Seeking To File Cap-Subject H-1B Petitions”, Final rule, FR Doc. 2025-23853, 90 FR 60864, 29 December 2025, effective 27 February 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2025-23853 ↩ ↩²
The President, Proclamation 10973, “Restriction on Entry of Certain Nonimmigrant Workers”, 19 September 2025, FR Doc. 2025-18601, 90 FR 46027, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2025-18601 ↩
The President, Proclamation 11069, “Restriction on Entry of Certain Nonimmigrant Workers”, 18 September 2026, FR Doc. 2026-19554, 91 FR 60497, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-19554 ↩
USCIS, “Presidential Proclamation on Restriction on Entry of Certain Nonimmigrant Workers”, alert released 20 October 2025, last reviewed 15 June 2026 (re-checked 18 October 2026), https://www.uscis.gov/newsroom/alerts/presidential-proclamation-on-restriction-on-entry-of-certain-nonimmigrant-workers ↩ ↩²
US Department of Homeland Security, “Fee for Certain H-1B Petitions”, NPRM, FR Doc. 2026-17324, 91 FR 54817, 25 August 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-17324 ↩
US Department of Homeland Security, “Eliminating the Discretionary 60-Day Grace Period”, NPRM, FR Doc. 2026-18631, 91 FR 57807, 11 September 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2026-18631 ↩
The President, Executive Order 14431 of 18 September 2026, “Enhancing Program Integrity and Interagency Coordination in the Administration of the H-1B Nonimmigrant Visa Program”, FR Doc. 2026-19555, 91 FR 60501, 23 September 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2026-19555.json (full text: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2026/09/23/2026-19555.txt) ↩
US District Court for the District of Massachusetts, Presidents’ Alliance on Higher Education and Immigration v. DHS, No. 1:26-cv-13799-FDS, Memorandum and Order (ECF No. 50), 14 September 2026, https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.305059/gov.uscourts.mad.305059.50.0_3.pdf ; Defendants’ Briefing on Case Management (ECF No. 59, notice of appeal 30 September 2026, 1st Cir. No. 26-2112), https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.mad.305059/gov.uscourts.mad.305059.59.0_1.pdf ↩
US Embassy and Consulate in the Netherlands, “Visas: Updated Interview Requirement for Nonimmigrant Visa Applicants” (Department-wide policy effective 1 October 2025), https://nl.usembassy.gov/visas/ ↩ ↩²
eCFR, 22 CFR 62.23(f) (academic training), https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-62.23 ↩
8 U.S.C. 1153(b)(5)(E) and (M), via Cornell LII, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1153 ↩
US Department of State, “Diversity Visa Instructions for DV-2026”, Notice, FR Doc. 2024-22482, 1 October 2024, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2024/10/01/2024-22482.txt ↩ ↩²
US Department of State, “Diversity Visa Issuance Updated Guidance”, last updated 23 December 2025, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/diversity-visa-issuance-updated-guidance.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 29 June 2026 ↩
US District Court for the Northern District of California, Medani v. Trump, No. 5:26-cv-06332-EJD, Order Granting in Part Motion for Class Certification and Motion for Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 83), 28 August 2026, https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.472914/gov.uscourts.cand.472914.83.0_1.pdf ; docket (notice of appeal to the Ninth Circuit, ECF No. 152, 14 October 2026), https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/73529774/medani-v-trump/ ↩
US District Court for the Southern District of California, Red Eagle Law, L.C. v. Rubio, No. 3:26-cv-04738-JO-VET, Order Granting the Motion for Preliminary Injunction (ECF No. 21) and Order Granting Joint Motion to Modify Injunction (ECF No. 23), both 14 October 2026, https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.casd.867598/gov.uscourts.casd.867598.21.0_1.pdf and https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.casd.867598/gov.uscourts.casd.867598.23.0.pdf ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Alien residency: Green card test”, reviewed 7 February 2026, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/alien-residency-green-card-test ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Substantial presence test”, last reviewed 14 March 2026 (fetched 18 October 2026), https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/substantial-presence-test ↩ ↩² ↩³
Internal Revenue Service, Publication 519 (2025), U.S. Tax Guide for Aliens, https://www.irs.gov/publications/p519 ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
Internal Revenue Service, “Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)”, last reviewed 30 July 2026, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/report-of-foreign-bank-and-financial-accounts-fbar ↩ ↩² ↩³
Internal Revenue Service, “Summary of FATCA reporting for U.S. taxpayers”, last reviewed 19 September 2026, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/corporations/summary-of-fatca-reporting-for-us-taxpayers ↩ ↩² ↩³
Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 8621 (12/2025), last reviewed 30 April 2026, https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i8621 ↩ ↩² ↩³
Internal Revenue Service, Instructions for Form 3520 (Part IV, line 54), https://www.irs.gov/instructions/i3520 ↩
SBI Securities (institution policy), FAQ 10646, https://faq.sbisec.co.jp/faq_detail.html?id=10646 ; Rakuten Securities (institution policy), 海外出国のお手続き, https://www.rakuten-sec.co.jp/smartphone/support/procedures/non-resident/ (commercial providers describing their own terms) ↩
National Tax Agency, Tax Answer No.1478 「国外転出をする場合の譲渡所得等の特例」 (law as of 1 April 2026), https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shotoku/1478.htm ↩ ↩²
e-Gov, 地方税法 (Local Tax Act, Act No. 226 of 1950), Articles 294(1), 318, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/325AC0000000226 ↩ ↩²
National Tax Agency, Tax Answer No.1923 「海外勤務と納税管理人の選任又は解任」, https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/shiraberu/taxanswer/shotoku/1923.htm ↩ ↩²
Internal Revenue Service, “Some nonresidents with U.S. assets must file estate tax returns”, last reviewed 27 June 2026, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/some-nonresidents-with-us-assets-must-file-estate-tax-returns ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Estate & gift tax treaties (international)”, last reviewed 8 September 2026, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/estate-gift-tax-treaties-international ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Expatriation tax”, reviewed 4 October 2026, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/expatriation-tax ↩
Ministry of Finance, 「我が国の租税条約等の一覧」 (as of 26 June 2026), https://www.mof.go.jp/tax_policy/summary/international/tax_convention/tax_convetion_list_jp.html ↩
Japan Pension Service, 「年金を受けている方が海外に居住するとき」, updated 5 December 2025, https://www.nenkin.go.jp/service/jukyu/tetsuduki/kyotsu/jukyu/kaigaitenshutsu.html ↩ ↩² ↩³
National Tax Agency, A3-12 「租税条約に関する届出（退職年金・保険年金等に対する所得税及び復興特別所得税の免除）」 [様式9], https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/tetsuzuki/shinsei/annai/joyaku/annai/1648_47.htm ↩
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National Tax Agency, 「租税条約に関する源泉徴収税額の還付請求」 (様式11), https://www.nta.go.jp/taxes/tetsuzuki/shinsei/annai/joyaku/annai/1648_49.htm ↩
US Social Security Administration, “U.S.-Japanese Social Security Agreement” (agreement text, Articles 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), https://www.ssa.gov/international/Agreement_Texts/japan.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 13 May 2026 (live site HTTP 403) ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
Japan Pension Service, 協定相手国別の情報 (アメリカ: signed 19 February 2004, in force 1 October 2005), https://www.nenkin.go.jp/service/shaho-kyotei/kunibetsu/info/america.html ↩
Japan Pension Service, 協定相手国別の注意事項（アメリカ）, updated 4 August 2025, re-read 18 October 2026, https://www.nenkin.go.jp/service/shaho-kyotei/kunibetsu/notice/usa.html ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴
Japan Pension Service, English Notes: United States, https://www.nenkin.go.jp/international/english/agreement/mechanisms/noteseach/notesus.html ↩
Japan Pension Service, 「適用証明書の手続き（日本から協定相手国で働く場合）」, updated 27 October 2025, https://www.nenkin.go.jp/service/shaho-kyotei/shikumi/nijukanyuboshi/sweden08.html ; FAQ 「適用証明書交付申請書の提出先」, updated 30 August 2024, https://www.nenkin.go.jp/section/faq/shaho-kyotei/ippan/tekiyo/teishutsusaki.html ↩ ↩²
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, わたしとみんなの年金ポータル「Question 7 海外で暮らすことになったら？」, https://www.mhlw.go.jp/nenkinportal/chapter1/question07.html ↩
US Social Security Administration, “U.S. International Social Security Agreements” (overview), https://www.ssa.gov/international/agreements_overview.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 10 October 2026 (live site HTTP 403) ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Foreign Student Liability for Social Security and Medicare Taxes”, last reviewed 18 August 2026, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/foreign-student-liability-for-social-security-and-medicare-taxes ↩
US Social Security Administration, “Totalization Agreement with Japan” (pamphlet), https://www.ssa.gov/international/Agreement_Pamphlets/japan.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 19 April 2026 (live site HTTP 403). Japanese-side figures in it are outdated. ↩
US Social Security Administration, “Social Security Credits and Benefit Eligibility”, https://www.ssa.gov/benefits/retirement/planner/credits.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 29 September 2026 (live site HTTP 403) ↩
42 U.S.C. 426 (Entitlement to hospital insurance benefits) and 426-1 (End stage renal disease program), via Cornell LII, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/426 and https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/42/426-1 ↩ ↩²
Japan Pension Service, “Special Provisions for the Japanese Pension Payments”, https://www.nenkin.go.jp/international/english/agreement/mechanisms/provisions02.html ↩
HealthCare.gov (CMS), “Coverage for lawfully present immigrants”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://www.healthcare.gov/immigrants/lawfully-present-immigrants/ ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶
eCFR, 42 CFR 406.20(b) (eligibility to enroll for premium hospital insurance), https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-42/section-406.20 ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Individual shared responsibility provision”, https://www.irs.gov/affordable-care-act/individuals-and-families/individual-shared-responsibility-provision ↩
California Franchise Tax Board, news release “Get health care coverage now to avoid state penalty later”, 2 December 2019 (page last updated 2 December 2025), https://www.ftb.ca.gov/about-ftb/newsroom/health-care-mandate/index.html ↩
eCFR, 22 CFR 62.14 (Insurance, Exchange Visitor Program), https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-22/section-62.14 ↩
Japan Health Insurance Association (Kyokai Kenpo), 「海外療養費」, https://www.kyoukaikenpo.or.jp/benefit/overseas_medical_expenses/index.html ↩
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HealthCare.gov (CMS), “Immigration status to qualify for the Marketplace”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://www.healthcare.gov/immigrants/immigration-status/ ↩ ↩²
HealthCare.gov (CMS), “Special Enrollment Period (SEP)”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://www.healthcare.gov/coverage-outside-open-enrollment/special-enrollment-period/ ↩ ↩²
eCFR, 45 CFR 155.420 (Special enrollment periods), paragraphs (a)(5), (c)(1), (d), https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-45/section-155.420 ↩ ↩²
HealthCare.gov (CMS), “Dates and deadlines for 2027 health insurance”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://www.healthcare.gov/quick-guide/dates-and-deadlines/ ↩
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26 U.S.C. 36B (Refundable credit for coverage under a qualified health plan), with amendment and effective-date notes for Pub. L. 119-21, via Cornell LII, https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/36B ↩ ↩²
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, “Emergency Medical Treatment & Labor Act (EMTALA)”, https://www.cms.gov/medicare/regulations-guidance/legislation/emergency-medical-treatment-labor-act ↩
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, “Medical bill rights” (No Surprises Act), https://www.cms.gov/medical-bill-rights ↩
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ICE SEVP, Study in the States, “Bringing Dependents to the United States”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://studyinthestates.dhs.gov/students/get-started/bringing-dependents-to-the-united-states ↩
Internal Revenue Service, “Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN)”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/individual-taxpayer-identification-number ↩
eCFR, 31 CFR 1020.220 (Customer identification programs for banks), paragraph (a)(2)(i)(A)(4), https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-31/section-1020.220 ↩ ↩²
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, “Understanding Deposit Insurance”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://www.fdic.gov/resources/deposit-insurance/understanding-deposit-insurance ↩
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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, “How do I get a free copy of my credit reports?”, last reviewed 15 October 2026, https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-do-i-get-a-free-copy-of-my-credit-reports-en-5/ ↩
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Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, “What is a tenant screening report?”, last reviewed 1 July 2021, https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/what-is-a-tenant-screening-report-en-2102/ ↩
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ICE SEVP, Study in the States, “Kindergarten to Grade 12 Students”, fetched 18 October 2026, https://studyinthestates.dhs.gov/students/get-started/kindergarten-to-grade-12-students ↩
MEXT, 認定した在外教育施設一覧 (令和8年4月1日時点), https://www.mext.go.jp/content/000352298.pdf ↩
MEXT, 海外で学ぶ日本の子供たち (2026) 教育活動・参考資料集, data 1, https://www.mext.go.jp/content/20260515-mxt_kyokoku-100002004_5.pdf ↩
e-Gov, 道路交通法 (Road Traffic Act, Act No. 105 of 1960), Articles 107-7 to 107-9, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/api/2/law_data/335AC0000000105 ↩
National Police Agency, 「ジュネーブ条約締約国等一覧」 (R7.8.27), https://www.npa.go.jp/policies/application/license_renewal/pdf/20250827genevalist.pdf ↩
Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles, “Exchange a Foreign Driver’s License”, https://www.dmv.virginia.gov/licenses-ids/license/applying/exchange-foreign-dl ↩ ↩²
eCFR, 19 CFR 148.52 and 148.6, https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-19/chapter-I/part-148 ↩
US Customs and Border Protection, CBP Form 3299 (05/24), https://www.cbp.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/cbp_form_3299_0.pdf ↩
Japan Post Co., Ltd., 「米国宛て郵便物の引受け対象の拡大」, 14 October 2026, https://www.post.japanpost.jp/service/send/oversea/information/2026/1014_01.html ↩ ↩²
US Customs and Border Protection, Interim final rule, 91 FR 37801, 24 June 2026 (FR Doc. 2026-12669), https://www.federalregister.gov/api/v1/documents/2026-12669.json ↩
US CDC, “Dogs from dog rabies-free or low-risk countries”, https://www.cdc.gov/importation/dogs/rabies-free-low-risk-countries.html ↩
US CDC, “High-risk countries for dog rabies”, updated 15 April 2026, https://www.cdc.gov/importation/dogs/high-risk-countries.html ↩
US CDC, “Bringing an Animal into the U.S.” (cats), updated 22 August 2025, https://www.cdc.gov/importation/bringing-an-animal-into-the-us/index.html ↩
US CDC, “CDC Dog Import Form and Instructions”, dated 28 April 2026, https://www.cdc.gov/importation/dogs/dog-import-form-instructions.html ↩
International Electrotechnical Commission, “World Plugs”, web.archive.org snapshot of 18 January 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/20240118041648/https://www.iec.ch/world-plugs ↩
US Customs and Border Protection, “Prohibited and Restricted Items” (Medication), https://www.cbp.gov/travel/us-citizens/know-before-you-go/prohibited-and-restricted-items ↩
US Customs and Border Protection, “I-94” (international visitors), last modified 22 July 2026, https://www.cbp.gov/travel/international-visitors/i-94 ↩ ↩²
USCIS, “FY 2027 H-1B Initial Registration Selection Process Completed”, alert, 31 March 2026, https://www.uscis.gov/newsroom/alerts/fy-2027-h-1b-initial-registration-selection-process-completed ↩
USCIS, “H-1B Electronic Registration Process”, last reviewed 21 September 2026, https://www.uscis.gov/working-in-the-united-states/temporary-workers/h-1b-specialty-occupations-and-fashion-models/h-1b-electronic-registration-process ↩
US Department of State, “Announcement of Expanded Screening and Vetting for H-1B and Dependent H-4 Visa Applicants”, last updated 3 December 2025, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/announcement-of-expanded-screening-and-vetting-for-h-1b-and-dependent-h-4-visa-applicants.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 14 July 2026 ↩
US Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “I-901 SEVIS Fee”, https://www.ice.gov/sevis/i901 ; and US Department of State / USEmbassy.gov, “F & M Visa: Wizard Results” (visitor study limits), https://common.usembassy.gov/en/study-visa/ ↩
US Department of State, “Immigrant Visa Processing Updates for Nationalities at High Risk of U.S. Public Benefits Reliance”, last updated 2 February 2026, https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/immigrant-visa-processing-updates-for-nationalities-at-high-risk-of-public-benefits-usage.html ; read via web.archive.org snapshot of 14 July 2026 ↩
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The President, Proclamation 10998, “Restricting and Limiting the Entry of Foreign Nationals To Protect the Security of the United States”, 16 December 2025, FR Doc. 2025-23570, 90 FR 59717, effective 1 January 2026, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/full_text/text/2025/12/19/2025-23570.txt ↩
e-Gov, 国籍法 (Nationality Act, Act No. 147 of 1950), Article 11, https://laws.e-gov.go.jp/law/325AC0000000147 ↩
Immigration Services Agency of Japan, 「再入国許可（入管法第26条）」, https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/immigration/procedures/sainyukoku_00002.html ; 「みなし再入国許可（入管法第26条の2）」, https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/immigration/procedures/minashisainyukoku_00001.html ↩